{"id":10932,"date":"2024-01-05T02:16:52","date_gmt":"2024-01-05T02:16:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/4pal.net\/?p=10932"},"modified":"2024-01-04T02:30:15","modified_gmt":"2024-01-04T02:30:15","slug":"kiem-soat-chat-luong-xet-nghiem-va-ung-dung-cua-thong-ke-y-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/4pal.net\/kiem-soat-chat-luong-xet-nghiem-va-ung-dung-cua-thong-ke-y-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea y h\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00e1c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 trong m\u1eabu sinh h\u1ecdc. V\u00ec c\u00e1c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c y t\u1ebf n\u00ean t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00ec d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n

\"Ki\u1ec3m<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u1eabu sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 m\u00e1u v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ngay t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c sai s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd l\u1edbn ra sao. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng l\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trong ph\u1ea1m vi sai s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i khi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00f9ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

N\u1ed9i ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Internal Quality Control \u2013 IQC) g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i ki\u1ec3m, l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m. Khi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i ki\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y sai s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0: t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eabu n\u1ed9i ki\u1ec3m, thao th\u00e1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean,\u2026 v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean m\u1eabu b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0y nay trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. W.A. Shewhart, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cC\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong h\u01a1n 35 n\u0103m l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra qua c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u1ea3.\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m y h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Xbar-R (ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Xbar-Rs-R).<\/p>\n

\"Ki\u1ec3m<\/p>\n